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Service providers have special obligations to users in the information space, obligations that many other actors do not have. This obligation is not limited to the prevention of harm but also includes fair access for consumers, promoting competition, and providing a neutral platform on which users can express and access information. 229 First, whether online or offline, free products with network effects have an incentive to impose bias, promote undesirability, or control access. 230 Without legislation, the law of tort, or binding rules of fairness by the market, those who hold a dominant position have a strong incentive to stifle competitors and exclude others from the market. 231 This problem extends from platforms with monopoly power to relatively competitive markets where users on a website with one million monthly users are disproportionately affected by algorithmic manipulation. 232 These incentives apply not only to content but also to interfaces, where the marginal cost of fixing the interface can exceed the fixed cost of building and maintaining the original product. 233 The most basic examples are search engines, where an oligopoly of major search providers has led to the exclusion of alternative search engines, forcing consumers to rely on biased search results, and frequently open platforms, where only a handful of companies operate, sometimes with no transparency, limiting competition. 234 Scaling-related network effects can make a monopoly power problem even worse by increasing the likelihood that abuse by dominant providers will go unchecked. A microeconomics example of network externalities is the termite effect, which arises from the positive network feedback for increased competition and use: relatively few termite termites prevent a forest from being destroyed.
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